Socialization
• Every society has its own codes of conduct, rules, and regulations, norms and values.
• Every culture clearly demarcates acceptable and unacceptable behavior in different social contexts.
What is socialization?
• Socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society.
• This process works at two different levels: one within the individual which is called internalization.
• And the other form includes the outside factors such as parents, other family members, peers, etc.
Features of Socialization
1. Inculcates basic discipline.
2. Helps to control human behavior.
3. Socialization takes place formally and informally.
4. Socialization is a continuous process that goes on throughout life.
Types
of socialization:
1. Primary Socialization:
Primary
socialization takes place in the initial years of one's life, starting from
childhood .
In
primary Socialization, first the identity of a person is formed and then
secondary socialization supports it.
2. Secondary
Socialization:
refers
to the socialization that takes place throughout one's lifetime, and keeps on
changing as one encounters new groups that require additional socialization.
Agents
of Socialization
• Family
•
Education
•
Religion
• Peer
groups
•
Economic status
•
Laws of a society
•
Language
•
Media
Theories
of Socialization:
Uric
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory
•The
Ecological system theory tells us about the changes happening between a child
and his environment and how these changes influence him/her as he/she grows and
develops into a full fledged human being.
•
It demarcates the importance of environmental factors playing a major role in
the development of a child.
There
are five models in this theory:
1.
Microsystem:
•
The immediate relationship of a child with his family, friends, siblings, and
teachers lies here.
• better interaction with these agencies will bring the healthy development
of a child.
2.
Mesosystem
•
Here, the interaction between two microsystems come such as the relationship
between one's family and teachers, the relationship between the child's friends and
family etc.
3.
Exo-system
•
In the exosystem children do not play an active role but they are indirectly
influenced by the consequences happening in their environment.
• In this system comes the parent's workplace, relatives, mass media, etc.
4. Macrosystem
• Cultural contexts comes at this level such as one's country, society, economic status, laws, etc.
5. Chronosystem
• The changes that happen over the period of one's lifetime lies at this level such as socio-historic perspectives.
Looking Glass-self Theory
Looking Glass-self Theory given by— Charles Horton Cooley
"I am not
what I think I am, and I am not what you think I am. I am what I think you
think I am:'
— Charles Horton Cooley
It suggests that self-concept is built not in solitude, but rather within social settings.
Concept of Looking Glass Self Theory
• A person's identity is developed based on his or her understanding of how others perceive him or her.
• Here we can say society works as a mirror.
• That is why it is being called "Looking Glass Self theory".
Our self is constructed on the basis of our interactions with these three aspects:
1. We imagine how we must appear to others.
2. We imagine the judgment of that appearance.
3. We develop ourselves through the judgments of others.
Conclusion:
• The identity of ourselves is a constant relationship between society and ourselves.
• Basically, we form our identity on the basis of the perception of ourselves which we see in others. Here, society works as a mirror for ourselves.
"I" and "Me" by G.H. Mead
The “me” is the socialization aspect of the person, and the “I” is the individualized aspect of the person.
• “me” or the self which focuses on how a person internalizes the attitude of others.
• "I "refers to the understanding or attitude we show towards others.
There are three
stages of self-development that we pass through:
1. Preparatory Stage (Birth to 2 years ): Children copy or imitate, the behaviors of others around them without much understanding of what they are imitating.
2. Play Stage (2-6 years): Children start role-playing and taking ole at an on the role of significant people in their lives and they take on one role at a time
3. Game stage (7-up): Children learn their roles in relation to others and how to take the role of everyone else in the game.
Forms of Symbolic Interaction:
1. Language,
2. Play, and
3. The game.
• These forms of "symbolic interaction takes place via these shared symbols such as words, definitions, roles, gestures, etc.)
Conclusion
• Mead defines the "me" as "a conventional, habitual individual': and the "I" as the "reply" of the individual to the generalized other.
• Both community and individual autonomy are necessary to identity